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COVID, Tryptophan, Stress, Anxiety, and Pellagra

Posted on 2020/10/312020/10/31 by admin

by Daniel Brouse

NAD+ is a crucial part of the immune and neurological systems. COVID depletes your NAD+. The body needs the time and materials necessary to replenish NAD+. Included in the elements you need are Vitamins C, B3 (Niacin), D, Quercetin, Zinc, and Selenium.

In their paper, COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency, Robert Miller and Ade Wentzel explain the role of NAD+ in the severity of COVID-19 and the depletion of niacin and tryptophan.

I asked Robert Miller, “Is the NAD+ depletion what causes the tryptophan shortage?”

Robert replied, “Post Covid-19 is CISP (Covid Induced Secondary Pellagra) which causes the body to divert tryptophan to NAD+ production at the expense of Serotonin, Oxytocin, Endorphins and Dopamine. In the case of pre Covid-19 it’s the conditions that drive up CD38, oxidative stress, and continual hyperglycemic events and undiagnosed subclinical pellagra (hard to diagnose) which all reduce NAD+. Basically our diet and lifestyle set us up for Covid-19 and can’t save us post Covid-19.”

Ade said, “The anxiety is because the body is using all the tryptophan to make NAD+.”

COVID depletes your NAD+. The body depletes tryptophan trying to make NAD+. This causes post-COVID anxiety. You can treat CISP and post-COVID anxiety with niacin.

B3 Deficiency and Anxiety Disorders
The anxiety disorder caused by COVID-19 is also related to undiagnosed subclinical pellagra. Most Americans have a niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency before they contract COVID. Though the virus may make the niacin deficiency more obvious, many non-COVID related anxiety disorders can also be treated with niacin.

In the US, the largest source of niacin in most diets is from fortified breakfast cereal. They spray vitamins, including Niacin, on the outside surface of the cereal. You would need to eat 100 bowls of Wheaties a day to make-up for a niacin deficiency (not recommended).

Stress uses up NAD+, depleting the tryptophan further, thus compounding the feeling of anxiety. The main ingredient of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is niacin. The best method for treating anxiety caused by depleted NAD+ and tryptophan is to replenish the niacin.

Robert and Ade explain to me how to supplement my niacin and create NAD+ — COVID, Vitamin B3, and the Immune System.

MORE ON COVID: COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Novel Coronavirus

COVID, Vitamin K, and NAD+

Posted on 2020/10/31 by admin

NAD+ is a crucial part of the immune system. COVID depletes your NAD+. The body needs the time and materials necessary to replenish NAD+. Included in the elements you need are Vitamins C, B3 (Niacin), D, Quercetin, Zinc, and Selenium.

In their paper, COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency, Robert Miller and Ade Wentzel explain the role of NAD+ in the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and the cause.

I asked Robert Miller:
Have you given any thought to Vitamin K and NAD+?

My father died in February. We didn’t know it at the time, but later figured out he died of COVID. (COVID testing and diagnosis hadn’t arrived to America, yet.) He had an upper respiratory illness for three weeks. My father was also on blood thinners. We worked with his doctor on a daily basis. Because his INR blood test level was spiking, we started testing every day and eventual stopped the blood thinner medication. Nevertheless, his INR kept climbing. His doctor prescribed the antidote, Vitamin K. The next day my father went into crisis. His heart became irregular, he couldn’t get oxygen to his brain, and was put on a ventilator The next day he was removed from life support and died.

All of this makes me wonder about the role of Vitamin K and COVID?

Robert replied, “Vitamin K metabolism depends on NAD(P)H being available. So, basically it’s back to NAD+; meaning low NAD+ will result in low K2 metabolism.”

“NQO1 [NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1; also known as DT-diaphorase] is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyses the two-electron reduction of various quinones including vitamin K. The enzyme may play a role in vitamin K metabolism by reducing vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone for utilization in the post-translational γ-glutamyl carboxylation reactions required by several proteins involved in blood coagulation.” — Assessment of the contribution of NAD(P)H-dependent quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to the reduction of vitamin K

MORE ON COVID: COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Novel Coronavirus

COVID: Vitamin D, Sunlight, the Season, and People of Color

Posted on 2020/10/292022/07/03 by admin

By Daniel Brouse

A human’s main source of Vitamin D is the synthesis of UVB radiation through your skin. The chemical reaction creates Vitamin D and other photoproducts essential for a healthy immune system. Taking a Vitamin D supplement is NOT the same as your body making Vitamin D.

How You Photosynthesize (And Why a Vitamin D Supplement Is Not the Same)

PEOPLE OF COLOR
People of color are more severely impacted by COVID than people with lighter skin. The darker your skin, the harder it is to synthesis Vitamin D in your body. Vitamin D supplements can not provide you with the photoproducts and metabolic processes necessary for NAD+ to perform optimally. And, this is a predominant factor in why people of color are more severely impacted.

SEASONAL IMPACT
People with all types of skin color are subject to their distance from the sun and the length of exposure to the sun. In the Northern Hemisphere, the length of daylight decreases during the fall and winter. At the same time, the angle of the sun becomes less direct to your skin. If left to its own devices, your body will not make as much Vitamin D in the winter. Both your ability to fight pathogens and age related diseases will be diminished. Less synthesized Vitamin D and less NAD+ result in sickness or death.

YOUR HEALTH
You can improve the quality and quantity of your life by learning how to safely expose your skin to sunlight depending on the day of the year, time of day, your location, and skin tone. WARNING: UVB radiation (found in sunlight) is both a savior and a killer. It is of utmost importance to figure out the optimum exposure for your body.

The Vitamin D and other photoproducts made by your body are essential for your immune system to create and utilize NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide). NAD+ is critical in preventing and fighting COVID, cancer, aging, type2 diabetes, neurodegeneration, MS, and many other ailments.

Learn More About Vitamin D and Sunlight

Learn More About NAD+

MORE ON COVID: COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Novel Coronavirus

COVID: Treatment?

Posted on 2020/10/292021/08/14 by admin

By Daniel Brouse

This is an interview with Ade Wentzel. Ade is a doctor and scientist working with COVID hospitals. I met Ade in a COVID survivors group. Though I did not know it at the time, I survived COVID in February of 2020. It was only months later that I figured out something was wrong with me. Even though I had been isolating since February, I kept getting sick. After a month of scientific research, I was diagnosed with Long Haulers Syndrome.

I had come to the conclusion that my long haulers was caused by lots of little cytokine storms. During a heated debate with a COVID antigen scientist from Spain that is researching for Johns Hopkins, Ade joined the conversation. The Johns Hopkins scientist took issue with the words “cytokine storms”. A cytokine storm is defined as a single large event. Ade helped me come to the conclusion that I was having cytokine disfunctions.

We do know that the virus consumes NAD+ because various studies have measured it. We do know that NAD+ and zinc are needed for SIRT1 activation. We also know that SIRT 1 downregulates TACE and hence downregulates TNFa and hence IL6.

Possibly for the longhaulers it’s cytokine imbalance or just NAD+ deficiency. The symptomatology improves vastly with NAD+ precursors but if cellular damage or organ damage is to occur, this takes time.

I do agree the term cytokine storm for long haulers is very incorrect, but an autoimmune disconnect seems more appropriate.
— Ade Wentzel

Ade referred me to a research paper: COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity. It took me several months to figure out that Ade is a co-author of the research. During this time, I embraced “Ade’s Protocol”: Vitamin B3, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Quercetin, Zinc, and Selenium.

INTERVIEW WITH ADE
Do you think you are cured of your long haulers? Do you think it is likely you may have other long term damage that you are not yet aware of?
Ade: So I am probably one of the longest around 6 Dec 2019 and am 99.5% back to normal.

We set out to investigate how to do the above, change risk, and of the about 3500 on a prophylactic regime only 1 person has been positive and had multiple exposures running a covid hospital. His course proved to be mild.

As a clinician I am super scared of such anecdotal evidence and a trial is really the only way to gain exposure and traction.

Am I worried about long term damage that I may not be aware of? No…if it raises its head I will deal with it then.

We never set out to chase the virus, but only to save 1 person….and that we have done. It’s been a team approach with Robert Miller
who first noticed the NAD+ link and Prof Guy A. Richard’s who guided, scrutinized, questioned and encouraged the clinical process.

In my humble opinion, you guys should get the Nobel Prize. I knew the protocol was working on my long haulers, but wasn’t sure if you thought it was a prophylactic, too. And, I’m guessing it might also be a “treatment” for active COVID cases?
Ade: it works wonders for all 3. Pre, during and after and for post covid anxiety.We started with pre covid prophylaxis on a small 250 strong group in Ireland who were then starting to peak and at 3 care centers in the UK all on a voluntary basis. Then, progressed to acute patients. Through this process I was a long hauler who had access to all specialties to discuss our research and often going on to treat them when they became unwell.

COVID NAD+ Deficiency

COVID-19 Index

COVID: NAD+ and Zinc

Posted on 2020/10/212020/11/13 by admin

Ade Wentzel, co-author of “COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency” was asked about about zinc. Ade replied:
Zinc decreases viral replication directly.
35% of Americans over 65 yrs have low zinc NHANES 3 trial.

Zinc and NAD+ are both needed and consumed for Sirt1 activation

SIRT 1 decreases viral replication directly

Sirt1 decreases TACE activity which decreases TNFa

Lower TNFa leads to lower IL6 and IL1

The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)- and zinc-dependent molecule, the Silent Information Regulator 1 (SIRT1) represents a potential common thread in the aetiology of the hyperinflammatory response and increased mortality.

When NAD gets low it uses nicotinic acid which is limited in the diet, as well as, tryptophan.

Tryptophan is the base for serotinin. Serotonin controls loads of stuff. A lot of symptomatology is tryptophan based.

You should take the recommend daily allowance of zinc for your weight and age. The problem is that there are many zinc products which deliver different amounts of free zinc per milligram.

Robert Miller added, “Try to find zinc picolinate or zinc citrate.”

NOTE: Zinc may interfere with your iron intake. If your doctor recommends iron supplements, they should be taken at a different time of day than the zinc. Most people don’t need extra iron. Too much iron is thought to contribute to cardiovascular problems. Too little iron makes you anemic.

The Miller/Wentzel/Richards COVID NAD+ protocol:
NAD+: Vitamin B3, Vitamin D and sunlight, Vitamin C, Quercetin, Zinc, and Selenium

What you need to know about COVID and NAD+ deficiencies.

COVID-19: NAD+ Deficiency

Posted on 2020/10/212020/11/07 by admin

The Miller/Wentzel/Richards COVID NAD+ protocol
NAD+: Niacin B3, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Quercetin, Zinc, and Selenium

Vitamin B3 / Niacin is the most important ingredient. It must be the correct type of Niacin. Please click here for detailed B3 information.

Vitamin C is best ingested in whole foods not juice or supplements. If it is not possible to consume whole foods, 1,000mg / day is plenty for adults.

Vitamin D is best synthesized by your body. Adults can take an additional 1,000iu / day BUT supplements will not create the photoproducts with unique biologic properties required for your immune system. Exposure of the skin to sunlight is preferred for your body to photosynthesize its own Vitamin D.

Quercetin is best consumed as part of your diet and is contained in abundance in onions, apples, honey, raspberries, red grapes, cherries, citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, green tea, coffee, and red wine.

Zinc supplements should be taken daily at the recommend daily allowance for your weight and age. The problem is that there are many zinc products which deliver different amounts of free zinc per milligram.

Selenium should be consumed as part of your diet. Selenium supplements may cause an overdose. Brazil nuts, seafoods, meat, eggs, dairy, and brown rice are the richest food sources of selenium.

In general, it takes 3-6 months to replenish a NAD+ deficiency. You can’t just take higher doses. Your body can only create so much NAD+ in a day. Exercise, inflammation, stress, and/or anxiety can aggravate or prolong long haulers syndrome.

Ade's Original NAD+ Diagram — Ade’s Original NAD+ Diagram

ABOUT NAD+
“Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is both a crucial coenzyme and a cosubstrate for various metabolic reactions in all living cells. Maintenance of NAD+ levels is essential for cell energy homeostasis, survival, proliferation and function. Mounting evidence points to NAD+ as one of the major modulators of immuno-metabolic circuits, thus regulating immune responses and functions. Recent studies delineate impaired host NAD+ metabolism during chronic infections and inflammation, suggesting NAD+ replenishment as an avenue to ameliorate deleterious inflammatory responses.” (Host NAD+ metabolism and infections: therapeutic implications)

NAD+ is often referred to as the anti-aging part of your immune system or “the fountain of youth”. In fact, NAD+ does decline with age. Quite possibly NAD+ deficiencies contribute to most premature deaths. The natural reaction is to want to boost your NAD+; however, there is little evidence that your body will produce more NAD+ than your natural baseline. The best you can do is to make sure you are reaching your baseline level.

REFERENCE
COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity Miller/Wentzel/Richards (2020)

MORE ON COVID: COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Novel Coronavirus

COVID, Vitamin B3 (Nicotinic Acid), and the Immune System

Posted on 2020/10/192021/07/30 by admin

By Daniel Brouse

Vitamin B3 / Niacin / Nicotinic Acid

Attn: Long Haulers focus on supplementing with nicotinic acid.

A research paper co-authored by Ade Wentzel found, “The SARS-CoV-2 hyperinflammatory response is associated with high mortality.” In essence, COVID-19 ‘eats’ the immune system’s NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and restricts your ability to make more. NAD+ is one of the most critical pieces to your immune system puzzle. A deficiency in NAD+ needs to be corrected over time by allowing the body to produce a new supply of NAD+. Nicotinic acid can help reduce the severity of COVID-19, as well as, treat long-COVID long haulers syndrome. Nicotinic acid is also the most important supplement to prevent aging, hypertension, type II diabetes, and obesity NAD+ deficiencies.

NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The formula to create NAD+ is complicated (see diagram below). The simplest way to explain it is: add Vitamin B3 Niacin (nicotinic acid) to your diet. Ade suggests, ‘You can take nicotinic acid orally or niagen (if you have deep pockets). However you supplement, you need to keep going for at least a good few months.”

Ade added, “I’d rather use nicotinic acid and not nicotinamide, as the latter can be a SIRT1 inhibitor.
Nicotinic acid is also probably the most direct way to save tryptophan.
There is no need to limit nicotinic acid to 35mg.
It has been used in lipid trials up to 3000mg a day (44mg/kg body weight)”

I have to take 150mg of nicotinic acid with each meal (3 times per day) to treat my long-COVID “long haulers syndrome”. To save money, I buy 500mg tablets and break them into pieces. It costs me about 3 cents per day to treat my NAD+ deficiency.

“When you dig down deep enough it’s amazing how often you end up at NAD+,” added Robert Miller, another co-author of COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency.

Vitamin B3 / niacin is the most crucial component for creating NAD+; however, you also need to be concerned about Vitamins C, D, Quercetin, Zinc, Methyltetrahydrofolate, and Selenium. All of these elements need to be considered both on their own merits, as well as, combined with the others. Vitamin D is particularly complex and should be part of a well thought out plan. If brain fog makes this too complicated, start with the nicotinic acid. Lack of nicotinic acid causes your body to hi-jack tryptophan and all hell breaks loose. Focus on supplementing with nicotinic acid.

Ade asked, “My American bread check didn’t show Niacin fortification?”

I replied, “Unfortunately, most Americans get their Niacin from fortified breakfast cereal.” They spray Niacin on the outside with several other vitamins. It would take 100 bowls of Wheaties/day to correct a niacin deficiency (not recommended).

Robert added, “17.5mg nicotinic acid per 100g of Kellogg’s cereal BUT this isn’t enough given the destructive diet of many of those eating the cereal. Continually hyperglycaemia like you would expect from the sugar in the cereal drives up CD38 and drives down NAD+ meaning you would need substantially more nicotinic acid. We are seriously beginning to suspect that many people actually have pseudo pellegra which is not easy to diagnose. However low Vitamin D levels and plasma tryptophan could be a good indicator of this as well as your risk from Covid-19.”

I replied, “The problem in the USA is… it is difficult to get prescribed Nicotinic Acid… and I have not been able to find it over-the-counter. Doctors and insurance companies don’t cover it. I have been trying to increase my dietary intake, as well as, taking a Inositol Nicotinate supplement.”

Robert offered, “Avoid Inositol Nicotinate (non-flushing B3 Niacin).”

Ade added, “We suggest you use nicotinic acid (niacin B3). We also believe it works most directly to increase NAD+. Niacin doesn’t cause liver problems. Non-flush niacin does though.”

After searching, I said, “It is surprisingly hard to find at a drug store. Neither CVS nor Walgreens carry it. I think I found it at Rite Aid. I’ll try to buy some today. If not, I’ll have to order it online.”

Robert explained, “The problem is that nicotininc acid costs around $15 per kg, so the nicotinic acid in bottle of 90 35mg tablets costs $0.047 . There is no money in it so big pharma isn’t interested in it.”

Finally, I found it, “If anybody is looking to get Niacin, I found it at Rite Aid… currently buy 1 get one free… confirmed with the pharmacist that it is the correct type.”

DOSAGE

WARNING: Niacin may cause flushing. Niacin flush is a common side effect of taking niacin supplements. It appears as red flushing skin, and may be accompanied by itching or burning. It usually lasts under 15 minutes. In almost all cases, flushing is not harmful. [If you have a severe flushing experience and are freaking-out, ingest apples or apple juice (pectin).] Start with 20mg consumed with a meal. Increase to 50mg with each meal. Keep increasing your daily dosage until you stop flushing. That is how you know the proper dosage for you. The more deficient you are the worse the flushing. If you do not flush the first time, you probably are not taking the right type of B3 Niacin. Some people prefer to smash it up and dissolve the dosage in a drink or mix it into their food.

Niacin may aggravate some medical conditions. You should consult your doctor prior to taking Niacin. Your doctor may prescribe higher does to help correct an NAD+ deficiency.

A complete NAD+ immune boosting diet.

COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity R.Millerc, A.R.Wentzel, G.A.Richards

What you need to know about COVID and
NAD+ deficiencies.

COVID, Vitamin D, Health, and Wellness

Posted on 2020/10/192022/07/03 by admin

By Daniel Brouse

Vitamin D Essentials
Vitamin D helps regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body. These nutrients are needed to keep bones, teeth and muscles healthy.[1] Vitamin D is both a nutrient we eat and a hormone our bodies make. The active form of vitamin D tempers the damaging inflammatory response of some white blood cells, while it also boosts immune cells’ production of microbe-fighting proteins.[2] Studies have linked Vitamin D and the immune system to autoimmune diseases, some cancers, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, schizophrenia, type 2 diabetes, and COVID.[3]

Vitamin D insufficiency affects almost 50% of the population worldwide.[4]

Sunlight is required for ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced vitamin D production in the skin. During exposure to sunlight 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin absorbs UV B radiation and is converted to previtamin D3 which in turn isomerizes into vitamin D3. Previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 also absorb UV B radiation and are converted into a variety of photoproducts some of which have unique biologic properties.[5} One of the photoproducts is transformed by UVB to corresponding, biologically active, secosteroids. New secosteroids are excellent candidates for therapy of fibrosing, inflammatory or hyperproliferative disorders including cancers and psoriasis (and COVID-19.)[5b]

How You Photosynthesize (And Why a Vitamin D Supplement Is Not the Same)

Immune Factories
Vitamin D is mostly produced in the skin in response to sunlight and is also absorbed from food eaten (about 10% of vitamin D is absorbed this way.)[6] The amount of Vitamin D you absorb through ingestion is probably not even adequate to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body. Even if it were adequate, it is not the synthesis of Vitamin D necessary for your immune factories. The creation of Vitamin D is only part of the synthesis creation. For instance, if you get COVID and it’s attacking your lungs, your skin, blood, circulatory system, lungs, respiratory system, and neurological system start a series of chemical reactions. These immune factories do a whole bunch of processes, assembly, creation, and attacks at the location needed. This is of particular importance when fighting COVID, and just as importantly, COVID’s long haulers syndrome. The creation of antibodies, memory T cells, naive T cells, and cytotoxic T cells at the location needed is dependent on the creation of Vitamin D. Synthesized Vitamin D is crucial for fighting the COVID infection. Long haulers syndrome involves another part of your immune factories. Synthesized Vitamin D is essential in correcting the depletion of NAD+. Your immune factories need Vitamin D, but more importantly, they need the other by-products produced when synthesizing Vitamin D (including production of microbe-fighting proteins, the hormone variety of D, previtamin D3, cholecalciferol, a variety of photoproducts with unique biologic properties including secosteroids, and photolyzed lymisterol and tachysterol.)

The Dangers of Vitamin D
Ingesting Vitamin D is not enough. Since Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, the body has no easy way of getting rid of excess Vitamin D and consuming Vitamin D may result in overdosing. Even worse, the body will not reap the full benefits from the Vitamin D that is not synthesized by the body. Which brings us to the larger DANGER of Vitamin D — sunlight

Exposure of the skin to sunlight is essential to create active Vitamin D (which includes the hormone variety of D, previtamin D3, cholecalciferol, a variety of photoproducts with unique biologic properties, and the ability to regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism.) The skin is responsible for producing vitamin D. During exposure to sunlight, ultraviolet radiation penetrates into the epidermis and photolyzes provitamin D3 to previtamin D3. Previtamin D3 can either isomerize to vitamin D3 or be photolyzed to lymisterol and tachysterol.[7]

Exposure to Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation can cause premature aging of the skin and signs of sun damage such as wrinkles, leathery skin, liver spots, actinic keratosis, and solar elastosis. UV rays can also cause eye problems. Most skin cancers are a result of exposure to the UV rays in sunlight. Both basal cell and squamous cell cancers (the most common types of skin cancer) tend to be found on sun-exposed parts of the body, and their occurrence is typically related to lifetime sun exposure.[8]

The Vitamin D Dilemma: How to Synthesis D Without Killing Yourself
As a general rule of thumb, you want to minimize the skin’s exposure to sunlight because UV radiation can kill you. On the other hand, not synthesizing Vitamin D by exposing your skin to sunlight can kill you. What to do? The answer is unique to every individual.

Obtaining the Optimal Amount of Sunshine
Sun induced vitamin D synthesis is greatly influenced by season, time of day, the weather, latitude, altitude, air pollution, skin pigmentation, sunscreen use, passing through glass and plastic, and aging.

You should never expose your eyes directly to the sun. People with blue eyes are at the greatest risk of permanent eye damage through exposure to UV radiation.

You should expose your skin based on the above factors. As an example, I am light skinned and live in Pennsylvania. On a clear summer day, I attempt five 3-minute exposures between 8-10 AM (for a total of 15 minutes.) I keep my head, face and ears protected. While keeping in motion doing an activity that takes me in and out of the shade, such as gardening, I try to remember to expose the inside of my wrists and forearms. Many afternoons (after 3PM) I will swim in a semi-shaded area. These controlled exposures are dependent on many factors most importantly air quality. There are countless uncontrolled exposures. A hat, sunglasses, sunscreen with a minimum SPF of 50, and a loss fitting long sleeve shirt are recommended. Your exposure plan should be well thought out in consultation with your doctor.

Vitamin D in the Big Picture
Nnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) depletion is of particular concern when it comes to COVID-19 and the resulting syndromes.[9] Synthesized Vitamin D and the bi-products of creating and metabolizing Vitamin D are part of a larger chemical equation. NAD+ depletion can be caused by COVID. NAD+ is essential for a functioning immune system. Lack of NAD+ in recovered COVID patients results in “long haulers syndrome“. Ade’s protocol to replenish NAD includes Vitamins C, B3, D, Quercetin, Zinc, and Selenium.[10] Each of these ingredients need to be considered both individually and combined. Taking mega-doses of any can be ineffective and deadly. A well thought out plan in consultation with medical professionals is prudent.

“Important not to forget that low NAD+ inhibits vitamin D activation. When you dig down deep enough it’s amazing how often you end up at NAD+,” added Robert Miller, co-author of COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency. “The three main steps in vitamin D metabolism, 25-hydroxylation, 1α-hydroxylation, and 24-hydroxylation are all performed by cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidases (CYPs). These enzymes are located either in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (e.g., CYP2R1) or in the mitochondria (e.g., CYP27A1, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1). The electron donor for the ER enzymes is the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent P450 reductase. Decreased intracellular NAD+ availability, leads to decreased NADPH availability.”[11]

We do not know Vitamin D’s role in the production of NAD+. We do know that the bi-products of photosynthesized Vitamin D are crucial to the immune system’s ability to fight infections. The photosynthesis of Vitamin D produces the Vitamin D you need, but more important is the timing of the unique photoproducts that are also created in the photosynthesis process — interferons. The interferons (IFNs) are the result of unique proteins made in the photosynthesis process that work with NAD+ to boost immune cells’ ability to fight microbes. The synergistic effects of IFNs and Vitamin D are part of the nonspecific immune system.

Vitamin D, Sunlight, the Season, and People of Color

Your Immune System and Photosynthesized Vitamin D

Interferons Interfere With Disease

What you need to know about COVID and NAD+ deficiencies.

1. Vitamins and minerals – Vitamin D NHS
2. Vitamin D Harvard / The Nutrition Source
3. Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19 British Cardiovascular Society
4. Vitamin D deficiency Holick MF / N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266–81
5. Sunlight and Vitamin D NIH
5b. Novel vitamin D photoproducts and their precursors in the skin NIH
6. Vitamin D Society For Endocrinology
7. Skin as the site of vitamin D synthesis NIH
8. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation American Cancer Society
9. COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity Science Direct
10. COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity Ade Wentzel, R.Miller, G.A.Richards
11. Vitamin D Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications Science Direct

Vitamin-D / C38PDF

COVID-19: Immunity, Antibodies, Memory T Cells and B Cells

Posted on 2020/09/022022/01/04 by admin

by Daniel Brouse
email: help@membrane.com

Omicron Update January 4, 2022

The effects of antibodies produced by the immune system’s “memory B cells” against the Omicron variant of the coronavirus are weakened. After the body learns to recognize SARS-CoV-2, B cells generate fresh antibodies against the virus if there are not enough antibodies circulating in the blood.

“Omicron seemed to evade a very large share of the memory B cells,” said Matthieu Mahevas and Pascal Chappert of Universite de Paris.

The research was published in Immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant from mRNA vaccination-elicited RBD-specific memory B cells. “Memory B cells (MBCs) represent a second layer of immune protection against SARS-CoV-2. Whether MBCs elicited by mRNA vaccines can recognize the Omicron variant is of major concern. We used bio-layer interferometry to assess the affinity against the receptor-binding-domain (RBD) of Omicron spike of 313 naturally expressed monoclonal IgG that were previously tested for affinity and neutralization against VOC prior to Omicron. We report here that Omicron evades recognition from a larger fraction of these antibodies than any of the previous VOCs. Additionally, whereas 30% of these antibodies retained high affinity against Omicron-RBD, our analysis suggest that Omicron specifically evades antibodies displaying potent neutralizing activity against the D614G and Beta variant viruses. Further studies are warranted to understand the consequences of a lower memory B cell potency on the overall protection associated with current vaccines.”

Updated August 4, 2021

COVID-19 Delta Variant and Vaccines
The efficacy of mRna vaccines is about 79% against contracting the Delta variant. Non-mRna vaccines are between 40-60% effective against Delta. Vaccines lose efficacy at about 3%/month after six months of being fully vaccinated. Vaccines appear to help contain the Delta variant to the nasal passage — you are less likely to develop the epigenetic changes to your genes (long-COVID).

We know the epigenetic changes caused by COVID partially dismantle your immune system including dysfunction of NAD+ optimization and suppression of T and NK cells.

There is no natural immunity from previous infection. Everybody needs to get vaccinated.

COVID Vaccine Breakthrough Cases
Q: Why are there so many breakthrough cases of COVID in the vaccinated?

A: There are several reasons why there are breakthrough cases with any vaccine; however, COVID is different. Many of the vaccinated people getting COVID already had COVID prior to being vaccinated. This is the second time they have contracted the virus. Once you have had COVID, your immune system is compromised. You should consider yourself immune compromised. The vaccine will not fully compensate for that fact.

THE ORIGINAL COVID STRAIN
A study published in The Lancet entitled Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody responses and duration of immunity: a longitudinal study found the immunity from a COVID reinfection varies widely from individual to individual from days to decades.

“We identified five distinctive patterns of neutralising antibody dynamics as follows:
* negative, individuals who did not, at our intervals of sampling, develop neutralising antibodies at the 30% inhibition level [12%];
* rapid waning, individuals who had varying levels of neutralising antibodies from around 20 days after symptom onset, but seroreverted in less than 180 days [27%];
* slow waning, individuals who remained neutralising antibody-positive at 180 days post-symptom onset [29%];
* persistent, although with varying peak neutralising antibody levels, these individuals had minimal neutralising antibody decay [32%];
* and delayed response, a small group that showed an unexpected increase of neutralising antibodies during late convalescence (at 90 or 180 days after symptom onset [2%]).

Persistence of neutralising antibodies was associated with disease severity and sustained level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. By contrast, T-cell responses were similar among the different neutralising antibody dynamics groups. On the basis of the different decay dynamics, we established a prediction algorithm that revealed a wide range of neutralising antibody longevity, varying from around 40 days to many decades.

The question may also apply to vaccines: will the COVID immunity offered by vaccinations last for 40 days to many decades? What is the durability of vaccines and will it be uniform or vary widely from person to person?

Previously released on January 24, 2021:
1) Natural Immunity
If you get a moderate to severe case of COVID-19, most people maintain viable antibodies for 90 days and memory T-cells for 5 months. This will likely give you natural immunity to the same strain of COVID for up to 5 months. The resistance to the UK variant is thought to be diminished. The resistance to the South African variant is thought to be none. There is some concern that COVID may erase all or part of your T cells’ memory for other pathogens.

2) Vaccines
You should anticipate that vaccines will give you a very similar immune response as the natural immunity acquired from contracting COVID. It doesn’t matter which vaccine you receive. You should get whatever vaccine you can get and as soon as possible. You should anticipate needing to get vaccinated every 90 days once vaccines are developed for all the different variants.

The message is — we have to stop the community spread and the exponential rise in variants WORLDWIDE. Individual countries can not obtain herd immunity.

More Information on COVID-19

What We Use to Know about Immunity
Q: What do we know about immunity to COVID-19, the immune system, antibodies, memory T cells, and autoimmune disfunctions?
A: Not much. Today is September 2, 2020. The virus is still new. We probably won’t be able to know the longterm affects of COVID-19 until the longterm; however, there is a growing body of research that is starting to uncover some of the mysteries.

Q: Do we know if recovered COVID-19 patients have immunity to reinfection.
A: No. We do not know the durability of the antibodies, nor the length of memory of the T cells. Originally, researchers thought you could only catch COVID-19 once, and you would gain immunity. Scientists started off thinking you would have a minimum of 1 year immunity and quite possibly 2-3 years. Now, 6 months later, that theory is history.

There are several cases globally where reinfection was confirmed by identifying that the second infection was by a different mutation of COVID than the original infection. “So far, there are three patients known to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 twice, and in at least one case the second time around was asymptomatic.”(1) Reinfection is rare, researchers said, but people should still be cautious. “If you’ve had it, you can’t necessarily be considered invulnerable to the infection,” Mark Pandori, one of the authors and director of the Nevada State Public Health Laboratory said.(2)

An extensive case study was conducted on the reinfection case from Nevada”
“These findings suggest that the patient was infected by SARS-CoV-2 on two separate occasions by a genetically distinct virus. Thus, previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 might not guarantee total immunity in all cases. All individuals, whether previously diagnosed with COVID-19 or not, should take identical precautions to avoid infection with SARS-CoV-2. The implications of reinfections could be relevant for vaccine development and application.”(3) Half of the those that became reinfected had more serious symptoms with the reinfection.

Since this paper was first published, a study done by the Imperial College of London found a 26% decline in antibodies over a three month period. The study all but eliminates the possibility of herd immunity. The study also indicates any post-COVID immunity is short lived and chances of being reinfected are large.(4)

Q: Why do so many recovered patients appear to be getting reinfected?
A: Most recovered individuals are not getting reinfected, rather their immune system mistakes inactive strands of COVID RNA as active virus. The autoimmune system reacts with an autoimmune disconnect resulting in cycles of recurring symptoms.(5) In the short term, it is thought the recurring symptoms will not cause irreparable damage. The long haul for long haulers is less certain with the duration of your body attacking your own organs in question.

Q: How long do COVID antibodies last?
A: Again, we do not know. Originally, it was thought the antibodies would last for a long period and the memory T cells might give you lifelong immunity. That is no longer the science. “There is currently no evidence that people who have recovered from COVID-19 are protected from a second infection.”(6) A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, found that antibody levels against the novel coronavirus decreased by about half every 73 days and, if that rate were sustained, would be depleted within about a year. The findings are similar to those of several previous reports showing rapidly decreasing antibody levels after infection, including one published Jun 18 in Nature, which showed that levels of antibodies against COVID-19 began to decrease within 2 or 3 months of infection.(7)

Q: What immunity do T Cells give?
A: We don’t know. There are two types of T Cells. Memory T cells live for six months or less in healthy humans (Westera et al., 2013), whereas naive T cells can live for up to nine years (Vrisekoop et al., 2008). Memory T cells are the ones that remember your previous infections and how to fight them. Memory T cells reproduce passing on their memory. There is growing concern that the memory T cells may be forgetting. It is possible that COVID erases the memory of your T cells making you susceptible to get infected by any other disease or illness you have previous had or have been vaccinated for (as measles can do.) Measles seem to wipe out immune cells that ‘remember’ encounters with specific bacteria and viruses.(8)

RECOMMENDATION:
Until more is known, recovered COVID patients should take great care and avoid exposure to all bacteria and viruses, including COVID, that may cause illness.

1. Patients Reinfected with Coronavirus in Hong Kong, Europe (The Scientist)
2. 1st U.S. COVID-19 Reinfection Reported in Nevada Patient (WebMD / NBC)
3. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study (The Lancet)
4. Declining prevalence of antibody positivity to SARS-CoV-2: a community study of 365,000 adults Imperial College London
5. COVID-19 Long Haulers: autoimmune response due to inactive particles of the virus (Daniel Brouse)
6. “Immunity passports” in the context of COVID-19 (WHO)
7. COVID-19 antibodies decay quickly after mild illness (Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy)
8. Measles erases immune ‘memory’ for other diseases (Nature)

COVID-19 Index

COVID-19 and Negative Feedback Loops

Posted on 2020/09/022022/11/12 by admin

As more time passes and more information is gathered on the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, there is growing evidence that any infection from COVID-19 may cause chronic damage to your body.

Negative Feedback Loops
The more often your body suffers damage, than the more severe each additional exposure will become. After you recover from COVID, there is likely some damage to one or more of your organs. Even asymptomatic individuals may suffer chronic illness. Immunity from COVID antibodies appears to be short lived. A person gets COVID, spreads COVID, and gets it again. Each time you get COVID-19, you are more compromised. The negative feedback loop repeats until failure.

Originally, researchers thought you could only catch COVID-19 once, and you would gain immunity. Scientists started off thinking you would have a minimum of 1 year immunity and quite possibly 2-3 years. Now, 6 months later, that theory is history.

UPDATE: COVID-19: Chronic Conditions
October 15, 2021

COVID causes negative feedback loops. COVID appears to cause the most damage to the weakest or most vulnerable parts of the body. If you were predisposed to a condition prior to COVID, you will likely develop the condition after COVID. An example would be people with type II diabetes. If you have diabetes prior to COVID, then you are at high risk of dying from COVID. If you are prediabetic, COVID will likely make you diabetic. If you are not inclined to develop diabetes, COVID will likely increase the probability of developing diabetes. The same holds true with NAD+, IDO, P53 tumor suppression genes, and all the other conditions listed above. The more times you contract COVID, the more cumulative damage you will suffer.

UPDATE: Reinfection Greater Risks & Exacerbates Underlying Conditions
November 11, 2022

The study Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was published in the Journal Nature.

* The evidence shows that reinfection further increases risks of death, hospitalization and damage to multiple organ systems
* COVID exacerbates underlying conditions including pulmonary, cardiovascular, hematological, diabetes, gastrointestinal, kidney, mental health, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders

First infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with increased risk of acute and postacute death and sequelae in various organ systems. Compared to no reinfection, reinfection contributed additional risks of death, hospitalization, and sequelae including pulmonary, cardiovascular, hematological, diabetes, gastrointestinal, kidney, mental health, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. The risks were evident regardless of vaccination status. The risks were most pronounced in the acute phase but persisted in the postacute phase at 6 months. Compared to noninfected controls, cumulative risks and burdens of repeat infection increased according to the number of infections. Limitations included a cohort of mostly white males. The evidence shows that reinfection further increases risks of death, hospitalization and sequelae in multiple organ systems in the acute and postacute phase. Reducing overall burden of death and disease due to SARS-CoV-2 will require strategies for reinfection prevention.