by Daniel Brouse and Sidd Mukherjee Background Sidd said: “frightening article by Jeff Masters. We saw some of this coming, the flood risk aint justalong the coast, it extends 100 miles inland…the water cant get out …” https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2026/08/the-floods-of-the-future-wont-come-one-at-a-time/ In the 1990s, Sidd and I began developing real-estate-based climate risk models. From the beginning, one of […]
Category Archives: Finance
Real Estate Climate Risk Models
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Global Real Estate Climate Risk: A Multiplicative Vulnerability Ranking
by Daniel Brouse and Sidd Mukherjee The Multiplicative Climate Risk Formula The Multiplicative Climate Risk Formula is a real-estate climate-risk model designed to capture how multiple hazards and vulnerabilities can interact and compound rather than occur independently. The framework incorporates interconnected risks including sea-level rise, storm surge, extreme precipitation, flooding, hydroclimatic whiplash, wildfires, drought, extreme […]
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Coupled Climate Feedbacks and Cascading Real Estate Risk
by Daniel Brouse and Sidd Mukherjee How Compound Flooding Is Reshaping Property Values, Insurance Availability, and Coastal Habitability Climate change is creating a new class of real-estate risk in which the physical hazards of flooding increasingly interact with financial, insurance, infrastructure, and housing systems. Sea-level rise, heavier precipitation, and more intense or slower-moving hurricanes are […]
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High-Risk U.S. Real Estate Regions Under the Multiplicative Climate Risk Framework
by Daniel Brouse and Sidd Mukherjee The Multiplicative Climate Risk Formula The Multiplicative Climate Risk Formula is a real-estate climate-risk model designed to capture how multiple hazards and vulnerabilities can interact and compound rather than occur independently. The framework incorporates interconnected risks including sea-level rise, storm surge, extreme precipitation, flooding, hydroclimatic whiplash, wildfires, drought, extreme […]
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Wildfire Catastrophe Bonds Surge as Insurers Transfer Record Climate Risk to Capital Markets
by Sidd Mukherjee and Daniel Brouse A New Era of Climate Risk Finance Wildfire-exposed catastrophe bond issuance has surged to $5.183 billion year-to-date in 2026, rapidly approaching the full-year record of $5.55 billion set in 2025. Driven by escalating wildfire losses, expanding climate risks, and increasingly sophisticated risk models, insurers are turning to global capital […]
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Climate Change Impacts and You: The Rising Cost of a Changing Climate
by Daniel Brouse Introduction Climate change is no longer simply a future environmental threat. It is increasingly affecting American households through higher costs, declining air quality, extreme heat, infrastructure disruptions, property damage, and changing patterns of disease. Although catastrophic floods, hurricanes, wildfires, and other disasters dominate the headlines, the most widespread climate impact may be […]
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Climate Change and the Global Insurance Crisis: Rising Losses, Retreating Insurers, and the Growing Protection Gap
by Daniel Brouse Climate change is fundamentally destabilizing insurance markets by driving increasingly severe financial losses, pushing premiums sharply higher, and causing insurers to reduce or withdraw coverage in some high-risk regions. As extreme weather events become more frequent and, in many cases, more intense, traditional underwriting models are being challenged by rapidly changing risk. […]
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The Two Sides of the Climate Crisis: Consumption and Production
by Daniel Brouse Climate change is often discussed as a problem of emissions, but emissions are the result of two interconnected forces: consumption and production. Q: What are the greatest drivers of climate change?A: Consumption and production. At present, I would rank our addiction to consumption and ecofascism as the two most significant drivers of […]
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State Your Climate State
Estimated Consumption-Based Climate Footprint (tCO₂e per person per year) Rank State Estimated Footprint Primary Drivers 1 Wyoming 28–31 Large homes, long travel distances, fossil-fuel lifestyle 2 Alaska 27–30 Heating, aviation, imported goods 3 North Dakota 25–28 Energy-intensive lifestyle, heating 4 Texas 24–27 Large homes, automobiles, air conditioning 5 Louisiana 23–26 Cooling demand, transportation 6 Oklahoma […]
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The Composite Climate Responsibility Index (CCRI): A Lifecycle, Population-Normalized Framework for Measuring State-Level Climate Responsibility
by Daniel Brouse The Composite Climate Responsibility Index (CCRI): A Lifecycle, Population-Normalized Framework for Measuring State-Level Climate Responsibility Abstract Greenhouse gas accounting has traditionally relied on territorial emissions—the greenhouse gases emitted within a political boundary. While this approach provides a standardized framework for national and subnational reporting, it systematically underestimates the climate responsibility of fossil […]
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