bookmark_borderMore Than 900,000 People Have Died Of COVID-19 In U.S

As of May 6, 2021, a new study estimates more than 900,000 have died from COVID in the USA (and more than 6.9 million globaly.)

The study, “COVID-19 has caused 6.9 million deaths globally, more than double what official reports show”, comes from scientists at the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. “As terrible as the COVID-19 pandemic appears, this analysis shows that the actual toll is significantly worse,” said Dr. Chris Murray, IHME’s director. “Understanding the true number of COVID-19 deaths not only helps us appreciate the magnitude of this global crisis, but also provides valuable information to policymakers developing response and recovery plans.”

The 20 countries with the highest number of total COVID-19 deaths, March 2020­–May 2021 

Country  Total COVID-19 deaths  Reported COVID-19 deaths 
United States of America 905,289 574,043
India 654,395 221,181
Mexico 617,127 217,694
Brazil 595,903 408,680
Russian Federation 593,610 109,334
United Kingdom 209,661 150,519
Italy 175,832 121,257
Iran 174,177 72,906
Egypt 170,041 13,529
South Africa 160,452 54,390
Poland 149,855 68,237
Peru 147,765 62,739
Ukraine 138,507 46,737
France 132,680 105,506
Spain 123,786 85,365
Germany 120,729 83,256
Indonesia 115,743 45,938
Japan 108,320 10,390
Romania 87,649 28,382
Kazakhstan 81,696 5,620

MORE ON COVID: COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Novel Coronavirus

bookmark_borderPost-infection COVID Immunity

A study published in The Lancet entitled Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody responses and duration of immunity: a longitudinal study found the immunity from a COVID reinfection varies widely from individual to individual from days to decades.

“We identified five distinctive patterns of neutralising antibody dynamics as follows:
* negative, individuals who did not, at our intervals of sampling, develop neutralising antibodies at the 30% inhibition level [12%];
* rapid waning, individuals who had varying levels of neutralising antibodies from around 20 days after symptom onset, but seroreverted in less than 180 days [27%];
* slow waning, individuals who remained neutralising antibody-positive at 180 days post-symptom onset [29%];
* persistent, although with varying peak neutralising antibody levels, these individuals had minimal neutralising antibody decay [32%];
* and delayed response, a small group that showed an unexpected increase of neutralising antibodies during late convalescence (at 90 or 180 days after symptom onset [2%]).

Persistence of neutralising antibodies was associated with disease severity and sustained level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. By contrast, T-cell responses were similar among the different neutralising antibody dynamics groups. On the basis of the different decay dynamics, we established a prediction algorithm that revealed a wide range of neutralising antibody longevity, varying from around 40 days to many decades.

The question may also apply to vaccines: will the COVID immunity offered by vaccinations last for 40 days to many decades? What is the durability of vaccines and will it be uniform or vary widely from person to person?

MORE ON COVID: COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Novel Coronavirus

bookmark_borderCD38

COVID seeks out p53 deficient cells. That is the Tumour supressor gene.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310288/
CD38 is highly expressed and affects the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in cervical cancer

Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth most deadly malignancy in females worldwide, affecting 500,000 individuals each year. It is the leading cause of cancer mortality among women in developing countries. Dysregulated activation of genes, such as CD44, SOX9 and SKP2, plays a role in cervical cancer. CD38 is known to be involved in activities typical of cell surface receptors, such as signaling for activation and proliferation events and heterotypic cell adhesion. CD38 contributes to disease progression and relapse in certain tumors, such as acute myeloid and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no report on the relationship between CD38 and cervical cancer. Using qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis, the expression levels of CD38 were investigated and found to be upregulated in cervical cancer. CD38 was correlated with dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway in cervical cancer tissues in vitro. At the same time, CD38 overexpression affected the expression of PI3K, Akt, MDM2 and p53 in vivo. The results of the present study suggested that CD38 is highly expressed in cervical carcinoma tissues and play an important role in dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7226059/
The Many Facets of CD38 in Lymphoma: From Tumor–Microenvironment Cell Interactions to Acquired Resistance to Immunotherapy
Abstract

The CD38 antigen is expressed in several hematological malignancies, and the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies Daratumumab and Isatuximab have an established role in the therapy of multiple myeloma. However, data on the therapeutic utility of CD38 targeting in other lymphoid malignancies are limited. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the prognostic significance of CD38 expression is well accepted, and preclinical studies on the use of Daratumumab in monotherapy or combination therapy have demonstrated considerable efficacy. In other lymphoproliferative disorders, preclinical and clinical data have not been as compelling; however, CD38 overexpression likely contributes to resistance to checkpoint inhibitors, prompting numerous clinical trials in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma to investigate whether blocking CD38 enhances the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors. Furthermore, due to its widespread expression in hematological tumors, CD38 represents an attractive target for cellular therapies such as CAR-T cells. The present review discusses current knowledge of CD38 expression and its implications in various lymphoid malignancies. Furthermore, it addresses current and future therapeutic perspectives, with a particular emphasis on the significance of CD38 interaction with immune cells of the tumor microenvironment. Lastly, results of ongoing studies using anti-CD38 antibodies will be reviewed.
Keywords: CD38, lymphoma, Daratumumab, immunoescape, checkpoint inhibitors

bookmark_borderCOVID: Vitamin D, Sunlight, the Season, and People of Color

By Daniel Brouse

COVID-19
A human’s main source of Vitamin D is the synthesis of UVB radiation through your skin. The chemical reaction creates Vitamin D and other photoproducts essential for a healthy immune system. Taking a Vitamin D supplement is NOT the same as your body making Vitamin D.

How You Photosynthesize (And Why a Vitamin D Supplement Is Not the Same)

PEOPLE OF COLOR
People of color are more severely impacted by COVID than people with lighter skin. The darker your skin, the harder it is to synthesis Vitamin D in your body. Vitamin D supplements can not provide you with the photoproducts and metabolic processes necessary for NAD+ to perform optimally. And, this is a predominant factor in why people of color are more severely impacted.

SEASONAL IMPACT
People with all types of skin color are subject to their distance from the sun and the length of exposure to the sun. In the Northern Hemisphere, the length of daylight decreases during the fall and winter. At the same time, the angle of the sun becomes less direct to your skin. If left to its own devices, your body will not make as much Vitamin D in the winter. Both your ability to fight pathogens and age related diseases will be diminished. Less synthesized Vitamin D and less NAD+ result in sickness or death.

YOUR HEALTH
You can improve the quality and quantity of your life by learning how to safely expose your skin to sunlight depending on the day of the year, time of day, your location, and skin tone. WARNING: UVB radiation (found in sunlight) is both a savior and a killer. It is of utmost importance to figure out the optimum exposure for your body.

The Vitamin D and other photoproducts made by your body are essential for your immune system to create and utilize NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide). NAD+ is critical in preventing and fighting COVID, cancer, aging, type2 diabetes, neurodegeneration, MS, and many other ailments.

Learn More About Vitamin D and Sunlight

Learn More About NAD+

MORE ON COVID: COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Novel Coronavirus

bookmark_borderCOVID, Vitamin B3 (Nicotinic Acid), and the Immune System

By Daniel Brouse

Vitamin B3 / Niacin / Nicotinic Acid

Attn: Long Haulers focus on supplementing with nicotinic acid.

A research paper co-authored by Ade Wentzel found, “The SARS-CoV-2 hyperinflammatory response is associated with high mortality.” In essence, COVID-19 ‘eats’ the immune system’s NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and restricts your ability to make more.  NAD+ is one of the most critical pieces to your immune system puzzle. A deficiency in NAD+ needs to be corrected over time by allowing the body to produce a new supply of NAD+. Nicotinic acid can help reduce the severity of COVID-19, as well as, treat long-COVID long haulers syndrome. Nicotinic acid is also the most important supplement to prevent aging, hypertension, type II diabetes, and obesity NAD+ deficiencies.

NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The formula to create NAD+ is complicated (see diagram below). The simplest way to explain it is: add Vitamin B3 Niacin (nicotinic acid) to your diet. Ade suggests, ‘You can take nicotinic acid orally or niagen (if you have deep pockets). However you supplement, you need to keep going for at least a good few months.”

Ade added, “I’d rather use nicotinic acid and not nicotinamide, as the latter can be a SIRT1 inhibitor.
Nicotinic acid is also probably the most direct way to save tryptophan.
There is no need to limit nicotinic acid to 35mg.
It has been used in lipid trials up to 3000mg a day (44mg/kg body weight)”

I have to take 150mg of nicotinic acid with each meal (3 times per day) to treat my long-COVID “long haulers syndrome”. To save money, I buy 500mg tablets and break them into pieces. It costs me about 3 cents per day to treat my NAD+ deficiency.

“When you dig down deep enough it’s amazing how often you end up at NAD+,” added Robert Miller, another co-author of COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency.

Vitamin B3 / niacin is the most crucial component for creating NAD+; however, you also need to be concerned about Vitamins C, D, Quercetin, Zinc, Methyltetrahydrofolate, and Selenium. All of these elements need to be considered both on their own merits, as well as, combined with the others. Vitamin D is particularly complex and should be part of a well thought out plan. If brain fog makes this too complicated, start with the nicotinic acid. Lack of nicotinic acid causes your body to hi-jack tryptophan and all hell breaks loose. Focus on supplementing with nicotinic acid.

Ade asked, “My American bread check didn’t show Niacin fortification?”

I replied, “Unfortunately, most Americans get their Niacin from fortified breakfast cereal.” They spray Niacin on the outside with several other vitamins. It would take 100 bowls of Wheaties/day to correct a niacin deficiency (not recommended).

Robert added, “17.5mg nicotinic acid per 100g of Kellogg’s cereal BUT this isn’t enough given the destructive diet of many of those eating the cereal. Continually hyperglycaemia like you would expect from the sugar in the cereal drives up CD38 and drives down NAD+ meaning you would need substantially more nicotinic acid. We are seriously beginning to suspect that many people actually have pseudo pellegra which is not easy to diagnose. However low Vitamin D levels and plasma tryptophan could be a good indicator of this as well as your risk from Covid-19.”

I replied, “The problem in the USA is… it is difficult to get prescribed Nicotinic Acid… and I have not been able to find it over-the-counter. Doctors and insurance companies don’t cover it. I have been trying to increase my dietary intake, as well as, taking a Inositol Nicotinate supplement.”

Robert offered, “Avoid Inositol Nicotinate (non-flushing B3 Niacin).”

Ade added, “We suggest you use nicotinic acid (niacin B3). We also believe it works most directly to increase NAD+. Niacin doesn’t cause liver problems. Non-flush niacin does though.”

After searching, I said, “It is surprisingly hard to find at a drug store. Neither CVS nor Walgreens carry it. I think I found it at Rite Aid. I’ll try to buy some today. If not, I’ll have to order it online.”

Robert explained, “The problem is that nicotininc acid costs around $15 per kg, so the nicotinic acid in bottle of 90 35mg tablets costs $0.047 . There is no money in it so big pharma isn’t interested in it.”

Finally, I found it, “If anybody is looking to get Niacin, I found it at Rite Aid… currently buy 1 get one free… confirmed with the pharmacist that it is the correct type.”

DOSAGE

WARNING: Niacin may cause flushing. Niacin flush is a common side effect of taking niacin supplements. It appears as red flushing skin, and may be accompanied by itching or burning. It usually lasts under 15 minutes. In almost all cases, flushing is not harmful. [If you have a severe flushing experience and are freaking-out, ingest apples or apple juice (pectin).] Start with 20mg consumed with a meal. Increase to 50mg with each meal. Keep increasing your daily dosage until you stop flushing. That is how you know the proper dosage for you. The more deficient you are the worse the flushing. If you do not flush the first time, you probably are not taking the right type of B3 Niacin. Some people prefer to smash it up and dissolve the dosage in a drink or mix it into their food.

Niacin may aggravate some medical conditions. You should consult your doctor prior to taking Niacin. Your doctor may prescribe higher does to help correct an NAD+ deficiency.

A complete NAD+ immune boosting diet.

Niacin / Vitamin B3
Niacin / Vitamin B3
Niacin Label
Niacin Label
B3, Niacin, COVID, and NAD+
B3, Niacin, COVID, and NAD+

COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity R.Millerc, A.R.Wentzel, G.A.Richards

What you need to know about COVID and
NAD+ deficiencies.

bookmark_borderCOVID, Vitamin D, Health, and Wellness

By Daniel Brouse

Vitamin D Essentials
Vitamin D helps regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body. These nutrients are needed to keep bones, teeth and muscles healthy.[1] Vitamin D is both a nutrient we eat and a hormone our bodies make. The active form of vitamin D tempers the damaging inflammatory response of some white blood cells, while it also boosts immune cells’ production of microbe-fighting proteins.[2] Studies have linked Vitamin D and the immune system to autoimmune diseases, some cancers, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, schizophrenia, type 2 diabetes, and COVID.[3]

Vitamin D insufficiency affects almost 50% of the population worldwide.[4]

Sunlight is required for ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced vitamin D production in the skin. During exposure to sunlight 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin absorbs UV B radiation and is converted to previtamin D3 which in turn isomerizes into vitamin D3. Previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 also absorb UV B radiation and are converted into a variety of photoproducts some of which have unique biologic properties.[5} One of the photoproducts is transformed by UVB to corresponding, biologically active, secosteroids. New secosteroids are excellent candidates for therapy of fibrosing, inflammatory or hyperproliferative disorders including cancers and psoriasis (and COVID-19.)[5b]

How You Photosynthesize (And Why a Vitamin D Supplement Is Not the Same)

Immune Factories
Vitamin D is mostly produced in the skin in response to sunlight and is also absorbed from food eaten (about 10% of vitamin D is absorbed this way.)[6] The amount of Vitamin D you absorb through ingestion is probably not even adequate to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body. Even if it were adequate, it is not the synthesis of Vitamin D necessary for your immune factories. The creation of Vitamin D is only part of the synthesis creation. For instance, if you get COVID and it’s attacking your lungs, your skin, blood, circulatory system, lungs, respiratory system, and neurological system start a series of chemical reactions. These immune factories do a whole bunch of processes, assembly, creation, and attacks at the location needed. This is of particular importance when fighting COVID, and just as importantly, COVID’s long haulers syndrome. The creation of antibodies, memory T cells, naive T cells, and cytotoxic T cells at the location needed is dependent on the creation of Vitamin D. Synthesized Vitamin D is crucial for fighting the COVID infection. Long haulers syndrome involves another part of your immune factories. Synthesized Vitamin D is essential in correcting the depletion of NAD+. Your immune factories need Vitamin D, but more importantly, they need the other by-products produced when synthesizing Vitamin D (including production of microbe-fighting proteins, the hormone variety of D, previtamin D3, cholecalciferol, a variety of photoproducts with unique biologic properties including secosteroids, and photolyzed lymisterol and tachysterol.)

The Dangers of Vitamin D
Ingesting Vitamin D is not enough. Since Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, the body has no easy way of getting rid of excess Vitamin D and consuming Vitamin D may result in overdosing. Even worse, the body will not reap the full benefits from the Vitamin D that is not synthesized by the body. Which brings us to the larger DANGER of Vitamin D — sunlight

Exposure of the skin to sunlight is essential to create active Vitamin D (which includes the hormone variety of D, previtamin D3, cholecalciferol, a variety of photoproducts with unique biologic properties, and the ability to regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism.) The skin is responsible for producing vitamin D. During exposure to sunlight, ultraviolet radiation penetrates into the epidermis and photolyzes provitamin D3 to previtamin D3. Previtamin D3 can either isomerize to vitamin D3 or be photolyzed to lymisterol and tachysterol.[7]

Exposure to Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation can cause premature aging of the skin and signs of sun damage such as wrinkles, leathery skin, liver spots, actinic keratosis, and solar elastosis. UV rays can also cause eye problems. Most skin cancers are a result of exposure to the UV rays in sunlight. Both basal cell and squamous cell cancers (the most common types of skin cancer) tend to be found on sun-exposed parts of the body, and their occurrence is typically related to lifetime sun exposure.[8]

The Vitamin D Dilemma: How to Synthesis D Without Killing Yourself
As a general rule of thumb, you want to minimize the skin’s exposure to sunlight because UV radiation can kill you. On the other hand, not synthesizing Vitamin D by exposing your skin to sunlight can kill you. What to do? The answer is unique to every individual.

Obtaining the Optimal Amount of Sunshine
Sun induced vitamin D synthesis is greatly influenced by season, time of day, the weather, latitude, altitude, air pollution, skin pigmentation, sunscreen use, passing through glass and plastic, and aging.

You should never expose your eyes directly to the sun. People with blue eyes are at the greatest risk of permanent eye damage through exposure to UV radiation.

You should expose your skin based on the above factors. As an example, I am light skinned and live in Pennsylvania. On a clear summer day, I attempt five 3-minute exposures between 8-10 AM (for a total of 15 minutes.) I keep my head, face and ears protected. While keeping in motion doing an activity that takes me in and out of the shade, such as gardening, I try to remember to expose the inside of my wrists and forearms. Many afternoons (after 3PM) I will swim in a semi-shaded area. These controlled exposures are dependent on many factors most importantly air quality. There are countless uncontrolled exposures. A hat, sunglasses, sunscreen with a minimum SPF of 50, and a loss fitting long sleeve shirt are recommended. Your exposure plan should be well thought out in consultation with your doctor.

Vitamin D in the Big Picture
Nnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) depletion is of particular concern when it comes to COVID-19 and the resulting syndromes.[9] Synthesized Vitamin D and the bi-products of creating and metabolizing Vitamin D are part of a larger chemical equation. NAD+ depletion can be caused by COVID. NAD+ is essential for a functioning immune system. Lack of NAD+ in recovered COVID patients results in “long haulers syndrome“. Ade’s protocol to replenish NAD includes Vitamins C, B3, D, Quercetin, Zinc, and Selenium.[10] Each of these ingredients need to be considered both individually and combined. Taking mega-doses of any can be ineffective and deadly. A well thought out plan in consultation with medical professionals is prudent.

“Important not to forget that low NAD+ inhibits vitamin D activation. When you dig down deep enough it’s amazing how often you end up at NAD+,” added Robert Miller, co-author of COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency. “The three main steps in vitamin D metabolism, 25-hydroxylation, 1α-hydroxylation, and 24-hydroxylation are all performed by cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidases (CYPs). These enzymes are located either in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (e.g., CYP2R1) or in the mitochondria (e.g., CYP27A1, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1). The electron donor for the ER enzymes is the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent P450 reductase. Decreased intracellular NAD+ availability, leads to decreased NADPH availability.”[11]

We do not know Vitamin D’s role in the production of NAD+. We do know that the bi-products of photosynthesized Vitamin D are crucial to the immune system’s ability to fight infections. The photosynthesis of Vitamin D produces the Vitamin D you need, but more important is the timing of the unique photoproducts that are also created in the photosynthesis process — interferons. The interferons (IFNs) are the result of unique proteins made in the photosynthesis process that work with NAD+ to boost immune cells’ ability to fight microbes. The synergistic effects of IFNs and Vitamin D are part of the nonspecific immune system.

Vitamin D, Sunlight, the Season, and People of Color

Your Immune System and Photosynthesized Vitamin D

Interferons Interfere With Disease

What you need to know about COVID and NAD+ deficiencies.

1. Vitamins and minerals – Vitamin D NHS
2. Vitamin D Harvard / The Nutrition Source
3. Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19 British Cardiovascular Society
4. Vitamin D deficiency Holick MF / N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266–81
5. Sunlight and Vitamin D NIH
5b. Novel vitamin D photoproducts and their precursors in the skin NIH
6. Vitamin D Society For Endocrinology
7. Skin as the site of vitamin D synthesis NIH
8. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation American Cancer Society
9. COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity Science Direct
10. COVID-19: NAD+ deficiency may predispose the aged, obese and type2 diabetics to mortality through its effect on SIRT1 activity Ade Wentzel, R.Miller, G.A.Richards
11. Vitamin D Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications Science Direct

Vitamin-D / C38PDF