bookmark_borderLong-COVID: Elevated Cytokines and Low Iron

COVID=19

By Daniel Brouse

The study, titled “Iron Dysregulation and Inflammatory Stress Erythropoiesis Associated with Long-Term Outcome of COVID-19,” reveals that Long-COVID is linked to elevated levels of C-reactive protein and prolonged elevation of cytokines compared to healthy controls. The research indicates that the duration of inflammation and the regulation of low iron levels after acute infection are crucial factors associated with long COVID. Individuals with a slower resolution of inflammation and more severe initial infections face an increased risk of developing long COVID.

Iron dysregulation is a common occurrence after infections, as the body swiftly moves iron out of the bloodstream to prevent it from becoming a potential breeding ground for harmful bacteria. The study suggests that defects in iron homeostasis, dysregulated erythropoiesis, and immune dysfunction resulting from COVID-19 may contribute to inefficient oxygen transport, inflammatory imbalances, persistent symptoms, and could potentially be addressed through therapeutic interventions.

The iron dysfunction observed in COVID-19 is indicative of an underlying issue within the immune system. While supplementing iron may address the symptom of low iron levels, it does not directly tackle the root cause. The exact nature of the root cause remains unclear, and questions persist regarding the presence of active virus, remnants of an inactive virus, or potential epigenetic changes influencing the immune response.

A more concerning aspect of COVID-19 is the elevated cytokine levels. The information on autoimmune diseases emphasizes that an excessive release of cytokines, which are signaling molecules involved in immune responses, can lead to an exaggerated inflammatory response. This heightened inflammation has the potential to damage tissues and contribute to autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells.

A “worst-case scenario” involves COVID-19 triggering a persistent autoimmune condition comparable to AIDS or Lyme Disease. Such a condition could involve the immune system continuously attacking healthy cells, causing irreversible organ damage, impacting overall quality of life, and potentially leading to premature death. Efforts to understand and address these complexities are crucial for developing effective treatments and mitigating long-term consequences of COVID-19.

The study: Iron dysregulation and inflammatory stress erythropoiesis associates with long-term outcome of COVID-19

Science Based Information on COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Novel Coronavirus

bookmark_borderGut Microbiota (Good Gut Bacteria) and COVID-19

by Daniel Brouse

Good gut bacteria are the microorganisms (bacteria and archaea) that live in the digestive tract. The gut microbiota produces fermentation of non-digestible substrates like dietary fibres and endogenous intestinal mucus.

“Approximately 100 trillion micro-organisms (most of them bacteria, but also viruses, fungi, and protozoa) exist in the human gastrointestinal tract — the microbiome is now best thought of as a virtual organ of the body. he human genome consists of about 23 000 genes, whereas the microbiome encodes over three million genes producing thousands of metabolites, which replace many of the functions of the host, consequently influencing the host’s fitness, phenotype, and health,” according to the Role of the Gut Microbiota in Nutrition and Health. “Gut microbes are key to many aspects of human health including immune, metabolic, and neurobehavioural traits.”

Research published in the Journal Nature states, “The human oral and gut commensal microbes play vital roles in the development and maintenance of immune homeostasis.”

In the study, Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19, it was reported:
Although COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory illness, there is mounting evidence suggesting that the GI tract is involved in this disease. Gut microbiome composition was significantly altered in patients with COVID-19 compared with non-COVID-19 individuals. Moreover, this perturbed composition exhibited stratification with disease severity concordant with elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and blood markers such as C reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase. SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects the respiratory tract, however, pathophysiology of COVID-19 can be attributed to aberrant immune responses in clearing the virus.

Associations between gut microbiota composition, levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers in patients with COVID-19 suggest that the gut microbiome is involved in the magnitude of COVID-19 severity possibly via modulating host immune responses. Furthermore, the gut microbiota dysbiosis after disease resolution could contribute to persistent (long-COVID) symptoms, highlighting a need to understand how gut microorganisms are involved in inflammation and COVID-19.

2025 Update: COVID-19, the Aging Brain, and Gut Microbiome

With growing evidence that COVID-19 can persist in the body, especially the gut, and cause systemic effects, researchers are calling for greater awareness, ongoing monitoring, and expanded health support — not just for those with long COVID, but for the broader public as well.

About Good Gut Bacteria (Gut Microbiome)
About Persistent SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
COVID Chronic Conditions and Long-COVID

Science Based Information on COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Novel Coronavirus