Hansen’s recent analyses provide evidence consistent with accelerating climate change and increasing climate sensitivity, findings that align with several aspects of our nonlinear acceleration framework. While interpretations differ regarding magnitude and future trajectories, the growing body of observational evidence suggests that multiple climate indicators are exhibiting nonlinear behavior and interacting feedbacks.

References

Primary Sources

Brouse, D., & Mukherjee, S. (2026). Approaching Singularity: Third Derivatives, Nonlinear Collapse, and Coupled Climate–Economic Instability. Membrane.com Climate Science Series. Retrieved from http://membrane.com/global_warming/Singularity-Climate-Economic-Coupling.html

Brouse, D., & Mukherjee, S. (2026). 2026: Confirmation of Nonlinear Climate Acceleration in the Arctic–North Atlantic System. Membrane.com Climate Science Series. Retrieved from http://membrane.com/global_warming/Nonlinear-Climate-Acceleration.html

Brouse, D., & Mukherjee, S. (2026). Is Climate Change on a Runaway Train? Membrane.com Climate Science Series. Retrieved from http://membrane.com/global_warming/Climate-Runaway-Train-Scenario.html

Brouse, D., & Mukherjee, S. (2026). Amazon Rainforest Dieback: Emerging Risks, Feedback Loops, and Scenario-Based Projections. Membrane.com Climate Science Series. Retrieved from http://membrane.com/global_warming/Amazon-Dieback.html

Brouse, D., & Mukherjee, S. (2026). A Unified Energetics Framework for Accelerating Climate Change: From Radiative Forcing to Drag Physics. Membrane.com Climate Science Series. Retrieved from http://membrane.com/global_warming/Climate-Change-Math-and-Physics.html

Hansen and Colleagues

Hansen, J. E. (2025). Runaway Climate: The Point of No Return. Climate Science, Awareness and Action Newsletter. Retrieved from https://mailchi.mp/caa/runaway-climate-the-point-of-no-return

Hansen, J. E., Kharecha, P., Morgan, P., et al. (2025). Global Warming Acceleration: Impact on Sea Ice. Retrieved from http://membrane.com/global_warming/notes/SeaIce-Acceleration-02April2025.pdf

Hansen, J. E., Kharecha, P., & Morgan, P. (2025). Warning! This “Colorful Chart” is Censored by IPCC. Retrieved from http://membrane.com/global_warming/notes/Hansen-Acceleration-2025.pdf

Peer-Reviewed Literature

Baldwin, M. P., et al. (2021). Climate system variability and atmospheric circulation changes. Reviews of Geophysics, 59(1).

Caesar, L., McCarthy, G. D., Thornalley, D. J. R., Cahill, N., & Rahmstorf, S. (2021). Current Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakest in the last millennium. Nature Geoscience, 14, 118–120.

Francis, J. A., & Vavrus, S. J. (2012). Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(6).

IMBIE Team. (2020). Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992–2018. Nature, 579, 233–239.

Khan, S. A., Aschwanden, A., Bjørk, A. A., et al. (2016). Greenland ice sheet mass balance and sea-level contribution. Science Advances, 2(11), e1600931.

Mann, M. E., Rahmstorf, S., Kornhuber, K., et al. (2017). Influence of anthropogenic climate change on planetary wave resonance and extreme weather events. Scientific Reports, 7, 45242.

Overland, J. E., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., et al. (2019). The urgency of Arctic climate change. Nature Climate Change, 9, 181–184.

Serreze, M. C., & Barry, R. G. (2011). Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification. Global and Planetary Change, 77(1–2), 85–96.

Svennevig, K., et al. (2023). Climate-driven slope failures and cryosphere destabilization in Greenland. Geophysical Research Letters, 50.

Major Assessments and Data Sources

IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press.

NASA. (2025). Global Mean Sea Level from Satellite Altimetry. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved from https://sealevel.nasa.gov

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2025). Climate Indicators and Global Monitoring Data. Retrieved from https://www.noaa.gov

World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2024). State of the Global Climate 2024. Geneva, Switzerland.

Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). (2025). Global Climate Highlights. European Union.

Additional Recent Literature Relevant to Nonlinear Climate Dynamics

Armstrong McKay, D. I., Staal, A., Abrams, J. F., et al. (2022). Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points. Science, 377(6611), eabn7950.

Boers, N. (2021). Observation-based early-warning signals for a collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Nature Climate Change, 11, 680–688.

Lenton, T. M., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., et al. (2019). Climate tipping points — too risky to bet against. Nature, 575, 592–595.

Ripple, W. J., Wolf, C., Gregg, J. W., et al. (2024). The 2024 State of the Climate Report: Perilous times on planet Earth. BioScience.

Steffen, W., Rockström, J., Richardson, K., et al. (2018). Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(33), 8252–8259.

Richardson, K., Steffen, W., Lucht, W., et al. (2023). Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries. Science Advances, 9(37), eadh2458.